Sushruta Samhita Sharirasthana Chapter 9 Dhamani Vyäkaraņa Shariram (Description of Arteries)

The ninth chapter of Sharirasthana of Sushruta Samhita is called as Dhamani Vyäkaraņa Shariram Adhyaya. This chapter offers with Description of Arteries.

अथातो धमनीव्याकरणं शारीरं व्याख्यास्यामः ॥१ ॥
यथोवाच भगवान् धन्वन्तरिः ॥२ ॥ 

We are going to now expound the chapter by title Dhamanī vyakarana sarira detailed description of Arteries, as revealed by the venerable Dhanvantari. Dhamani pratyekata, distinctness of arteries 

Causes for variations between dhamanis, siras and srotas

चतुर्विशतिर्धमन्यो नाभिप्रभवा अभिहिताः ।
तत्र केचिदाहुः – सिराधमनीस्रोत सामविभागः,
सिराविकारा एव हि धमन्यः स्रोतांसि चेति ।
तत्तु न सम्यक्,अन्या एव हि धमन्यः
केवलं तु परस्परसन्निकर्षात् सदृशागमकर्मत्वात् सौक्ष्याञ्च विभक्तकर्मणामप्यविभाग इव कर्मसु भवति ॥३ ॥ 

The truth that there are twenty-four dhamanis arising from nabhi – umbilicus has been acknowledged earlier in 14th chapter of Sutra Sthana of this treatise (Sushruta Samhita).

Commenting on this, some specialists opine that there isn’t any distinction between sira – veins, dhamanis – arteries and srotas – channels of the physique. In accordance with them, dhamani and srotas are modifications of siras solely. However this view is inaccurate.

Dhamani and srotas are completely different from the siras.

What’s the cause?

They’re completely different due to under talked about causes –

–   Vyanjananyatva – they’ve completely different options which reveals that they’re completely different buildings

–   Mula sanniyama – they differ of their numbers on the place of their origin

–   Karma vaisesya – they’ve separated designated capabilities i.e. they serve completely different capabilities and people capabilities are particular to every of them and

–   Agama – description in scriptures i.e. treatises of Ayurveda, which describe them in another way

Despite these buildings performing completely different capabilities, they look like detached from one another as a result of under talked about causes –

–   Sannikarsa – as a result of their proximity, they’re so close to to one another that they look like one and the identical,

–   Sadrsaagamatva – similarity of description of those buildings in texts of Ayurveda

–   Sadrsakarmatva – similarity within the capabilities they render and

–   Saukshmya – all buildings being minute in nature

Dhamanī Vibhāga – ramifications of arteries 

तासां तु खलु नाभिप्रभवाणां धमनीनामूर्ध्वगा दश,दश चाधोगामिन्यः,चतस्त्रस्तिर्यग्गाः ॥४ ॥ 

The ten dhamanis arising from Nabhi – umbilicus takes completely different routes. Beneath talked about are the completely different course of those ten dhamanis –

–   Ten of them transfer upwards. They’re referred to as Urdhwagami Dhamanis.

–   Ten of them unfold downwards. They’re referred to as Adhoga Dhamanis.

–   The opposite 4 of them transfer sideward or take transverse route. They’re referred to as Tiryakga Dhamanis.

Urdhvagădhamanī– arteries spreading upward 

ऊर्ध्वगाः शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धप्रश्वासोच्छासजृम्भितक्षुद्धसितकथितरुदितादीन् विशेषानभिवहन्त्यः शरीरं धारयन्ति । तास्तु हृदयमभिप्रपन्नास्त्रिधा जायन्ते,तास्त्रिंशत् । तासांत वातपित्तकफशोणितरसान् द्वे द्वे वहतस्ता दश,शब्दरूपरसगन्धानष्टाभिर्गृह्णीते, द्वाभ्यां भाषते,
द्वाभ्यां घोषं करोति,द्वाभ्यां स्वपिति,द्वाभ्यां प्रतिबुध्यते,द्वे चाश्रुवाहिन्यौ,द्वे स्तन्यं स्त्रिया वहतः स्तनसंश्रिते,ते एव शुक्रं नरस्य स्तनाभ्यामभिवहतः;तास्त्वेतास्त्रिंशत् सविभागा व्याख्याताः ।
एताभिरूचं नाभेरुदरपार्श्वपृष्ठोरःस्कन्धग्रीवाबाहवो धार्यन्ते याप्यन्ते च ॥५॥
ऊर्ध्वंगमास्तु कुर्वन्ति कर्माण्येतानि सर्वशः ॥ 

Features of the dhamanis spreading upwards –

The Urdhwaga Dhamanis that are 10 in quantity and spreading upwards, assist and keep the capabilities of the physique by attending to the under talked about capabilities –

–   Reception / notion of sensations of sound, contact, sight, style and odor by their respective sense organs

–   Inspiration and expiration of air

–   Yawning

–   Sneezing

–   Laughing,

–   Speaking,

–   Crying and

–   Many different such capabilities

Every of those dhamanis after reaching the center divide into three branches. Thus, they grow to be thirty in quantity.

Of those,

–   2 dhamanis carry vata

–   2 dhamanis carry pitta

–   2 dhamanis carry kapha

–   2 dhamanis carry rakta

–   2 dhamanis carry rasa

–   2 dhamanis carry sensation of sound

–   2 dhamanis carry sensation of sight

–   2 dhamanis carry sensation of style

–   2 dhamanis carry sensation of odor

–   2 dhamanis attend to talking in phrases

–   2 dhamanis attend to shouting out loud sounds with out phrases getting used

–   2 dhamanis attend to the perform of sleeping

–   2 dhamanis attend to perform of waking up

–   2 dhamanis carry tears

–   2 dhamanis carry breast milk within the breasts of ladies and a pair of dhamanis carry semen from the breasts in males

Thus, the thirty dhamanis are described based mostly on their divisions and capabilities.

These dhamanis assist and keep the components of the physique above the umbilicus together with stomach, flanks, again, chest, shoulders, neck, arms and so forth. The urdhwa dhamanis carry out all these talked about capabilities all through the life.

Adhoga Dhamanī – arteries spreading downward 

अधोगमास्तु वक्ष्यामि कर्म चासां यथायथम् ॥६ ॥
अधोगमास्तु वातमूत्रपुरीषशुक्रातवादीन्यथो वहन्ति । तास्तु पित्ताशयमभिप्रपन्ना स्तत्रस्थमेवान्नपानरसं विपक्वमौष्ण्याद्विवेचयन्त्योऽभिवहन्त्यः शरीरं तर्पयन्ति,अर्पयन्ति चोर्ध्व गानां तिर्यग्गाणां च,रसस्थानं चाभिपूरयन्ति,मूत्रपुरीषस्वेदांश्च विवेचयन्ति;आमपक्वा शयान्तरे च त्रिधा जायन्ते,तास्त्रिंशत्;तासां तु वातपित्तकफशोणितरसान् द्वे द्वे वहतस्ता दश,द्वे अन्नवाहिन्यावन्त्राश्रिते,तोयवहे द्वे,मूत्रबस्तिमभिप्रपन्ने मूत्रवहे द्वे,शुक्रवहे द्वे,शुक्रप्रादुर्भावाय,द्वे विसर्गाय,ते एव रक्तमभिवहतो विसृजतश्च नारीणामार्तवसंज्ञ,द्वे वर्चोनिरसन्यौ स्थूलान्त्रप्रतिबद्धे,अष्टावन्यास्तिर्यग्गामिनीनां धमनीनां स्वेदमर्पयन्ति;तास्त्वेतास्त्रिंशत् सविभागाव्याख्याताः । एताभिरधोनाभेःपक्वाशयकटीमूत्रपुरीषगुदबस्तिमेढ्रसक्थीनिधार्यन्तेयाप्यन्तेच ॥७॥
भवतिचात्र:-
अधोगमास्तुकुर्वन्तिकर्माण्येतानिसर्वशः ॥

Features of the dhamanis spreading downwards –

The Adhoga Dhamanis that are 10 in quantity and spreading downwards, assist and keep the capabilities of the physique by attending to the under talked about capabilities –

Conveys flatus and so forth – The dhamanis spreading in downward course convey flatus, urine, feces, semen and menstrual blood and so forth. downwards.

Sara-kitta vibhajana – The essence of meals and drinks that we eat known as as rasa dhatu. This rasa dhatu is fashioned within the pittashaya i.e. seats of pitta which contains abdomen and small gut by the motion of warmth i.e. agni – the digestive hearth current therein. The adhoga dhamanis on reaching the pittashaya, act upon this essence of meals and drinks and separates it into sara – important half and kitta – waste components.

Provide of vitamins – these dhamanis convey the sara i.e. essence of the meals all through the physique and nourishes the physique by supplying the vitamins current within the rasa. Additionally they provide the essence of meals to the urdhwa and tiryakga dhamanis and in addition fill the seat of rasa i.e. hrdaya – coronary heart.

Bifurcation of mala – these dhamanis additionally separate the wastes together with urine, feces and sweat from the rasa.

Every of those dhamanis divide into three branches within the area between amashaya – abdomen and small gut and pakvasaya – colon. Thus, they grow to be thirty in quantity.

Of those,

–   2 dhamanis carry vata

–   2 dhamanis carry pitta

–   2 dhamanis carry kapha

–   2 dhamanis carry rakta

–   2 dhamanis carry rasa

–   2 dhamanis current within the gut carry anna i.e. meals present process digestion

–   2 dhamanis carry toya – the water portion produced throughout digestion

–   2 dhamanis current within the urinary bladder carry urine

–   2 dhamanis current within the testes produce sukra – semen (the identical variety of dhamanis produce artava in ladies)

–   2 dhamanis current within the testes transport sukra (the identical variety of dhamanis get rid of artava in ladies)

–   2 dhamanis are connected to the colon and assist in expelling the feces

–   8 dhamanis provide sweat to the tiryak dhamanis

Thus, the thirty branches of adhoga dhamanis have been described.

These dhamanis assist and keep the components of the physique under the umbilicus together with massive gut, pelvis, urinary bladder, rectum, anus, penis and legs. The adhoga dhamanis carry out all these talked about capabilities all through the life.

Tiryaggā Dhamanī – arteries spreading transversely, 

तिर्यग्गाःसंप्रवक्ष्यामिकर्मचासांयथायथम् ॥८॥
तिर्यग्गाणंतुचतसृणांधमनीनामेकैकाशतधासहस्रधाचोत्तरोत्तरंविभज्यन्ते, तास्त्वसङ्ख्चेयाः, ताभिरिदंशरिरंगवाक्षितंविबद्धमाततंच, तासांमुखानिरोमकूपप्रतिबद्धानि, यैःस्वेदमभिवहन्तिरसंचाभैतर्पयन्त्यर्बहिश्च, तैरेवचाभ्यङ्गपरिषेकावगाहालेपनवीर्याण्यन्तःशरीरमप्रतिपद्यन्तेत्वचि, विपक्वानि, तैरेवचस्पर्शंसुखमसुखंवागृह्णीते, तास्त्वेताश्चतधोधमन्यःसर्वाङ्गगताःसविभागाव्याख्याताः ॥९॥

Features of the dhamanis spreading sideward / transversely –

The Tiryagga Dhamanis that are 4 in quantity and spreading sideward / transversely, assist and keep the capabilities of the physique by attending to the under talked about capabilities –

Every one of many 4 dhamanī spreads sideward (transversely) successively divided into tons of and 1000’s of branches. On this manner their branches are innumerable.

All the physique seems to be filled with home windows by the presence of those tiryagga dhamanis. These dhamanis are knit collectively broadly. The openings of those transversely spreading dhamanis are connected to the hair follicles. These dhamanis convey sweat to the outside of the physique (pores and skin) and in addition convey rasa to each, i.e. to the inside and exterior of the physique.

The energetic efficiency and medicinal properties of medicines utilized in abhyanga, dhara, lepa and so forth get processed by the warmth within the pores and skin and enter into the inside of the physique by means of these tiryagga dhamanis solely.

It’s only by means of these tiryagga dhamanis that each comfy and uncomfortable sensations of contact are perceived by the physique.

Thus, the 4 tiryagga dhamanis together with their branches which unfold all through the physique and their capabilities have been described.

Analogy of lotus stalk and tuber to clarify absorption of vitamins into the dhamanis

यथा स्वभावतः खानि मृणालेषु बिसेषु च ॥
धमनीनां तथा खानि रसो यैरुपचीयते ॥१० ॥ 

Acharya explains the anatomy of dhamanis with analogy of lotus stalk and tuber. We will see that by nature, the flower stalk and tuber of the lotus plant has many minute pores. Equally, a number of minute pores are current within the dhamanis additionally. By way of these openings, the rasa will get elevated (due to being absorbed by means of these minute areas / pores).

Relation between Dhamanis and Pancha Indriyas

पञ्चाभिभूतास्त्वथ पञ्चकृत्वः पञ्चेन्द्रियं पञ्चसु भावयन्ति ॥
पञ्चेन्द्रियं पञ्चसु भावयित्वा पञ्चत्वमायान्ति विनाशकाले ॥११ ॥ १.स. नि.१५–१० च स १२

The dhamanis are composed of Pancabhutas. They pervade the Panca indriyas, 5 instances i.e. as soon as in every indriya. After thus uniting the panca indriyas with the panca indriyarthas, these attain pancatva i.e. merge into the 5 components on the time of loss of life of the physique.

Srotas Vivarana – description of tissue pores, channels and so forth 

अत ऊर्ध्वं स्रोतसां मूलविद्धलक्षणमुपदेक्ष्यामः ।
तानि तु प्राणान्नोदकरसरक्तमां समेदोमूत्रपुरीषशुक्रार्तववहानि,येष्वधिकारः;एकेषां बहूनि एतेषां विशेषा बहवः ।
तत्र प्राणवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं हृदयं रसवाहिन्यश्च धमन्यः,तत्र विद्धस्याक्रोशनविनमनमोहनभ्रमणवेपनानि मरणं वा भवति;अन्नवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलमामाशयोऽन्नवाहिन्यश्च धमन्यः,तत्र किद्धस्याध्मान शूलोऽन्नद्वेषश्छर्दिः पिपासाऽऽन्ध्यं मरणं च;उदकवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं तालुक्लोम च,तत्र विद्धस्य पिपासा सद्योमरणं च;रसवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं हृदयं रसवाहिन्यश्च धमन्यः,तत्र विद्धस्य शोषः प्राणवहविद्धवच्च मरणं तल्लिङ्गानि च;रक्तवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं यकृत्प्लीहानौ रक्तवाहिन्यश्च धमन्यः,तत्र विद्धस्य श्यावाङ्गता ज्वरो दाहः पाण्डुता शोणितागमनं रक्तनेत्रता च;मांसवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं स्नायुत्वचं रक्तवहाश्च धमन्यः,तत्र विद्धस्य श्वयथुर्मासशोषः सिराग्रन्थयो मरणं च;मेदोवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं कटी वृक्कौ च,तत्र विद्धस्य स्वेदागमनं स्निग्धाङ्गता तालुशोषः स्थूलशोफता पिपासा च;मूत्रवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं बस्तिर्मेद्रं च,तत्र विद्धस्यानद्धबस्तिता मूत्रनिरोधः स्तब्धमेढ़ता च;पुरीषवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं पक्वाशयो गुदं च,तत्र विद्धस्यानाहो दुर्गन्धता ग्रथितान्त्रता च;शुक्रवहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं स्तनौ वृषणौ च,तत्र विद्धस्य क्लीबता चिरात् प्रसेको रक्तशुक्रता च;आर्तववहे द्वे,तयोर्मूलं गर्भाशय आर्तववाहिन्यश्च धमन्यः,तत्र विद्धाया वन्ध्यात्वं मैथुनासहिष्णुत्वमार्तवनाशश्च;सेवनीच्छेदागुजाप्रादुर्भावः;बस्तिगुदविद्धलक्षणं प्रागुक्तमिति । स्रोतोविद्धं तु प्रत्याख्यायोपचरेत्,उद्धृतशल्यं तु क्षतविधानेनोपचरेत् ॥१२ ॥ 

After this, the srotas – channels of the physique shall be described. On the identical time, the signs produced when these srotas get injured at their roots (locations of origin) may also be described.

These srotas are accountable for transportation of many issues within the physique. They embody –

–   Prana – air

–   Anna – meals

–   Udaka – water

–   Rasa – vitamins, plasma

–   Rakta – blood

–   Mamsa – muscle tissues

–   Meda – fats

–   Mutra – urine

–   Purisa – feces

–   Sukra – semen

–   Artava – menstrual blood

Solely these channels shall be defined right here as a result of these solely are related right here in Salya Tantra i.e. college of surgical procedure.

Another authorities opine that srotas are many in quantity and their varieties are additionally innumerable.

Additional;

Sevani Cheda – When sevani i.e. raphae is injured it causes ache.

Basti Guda Viddha – the signs brought on as a result of harm to the urinary bladder and rectum have been described earlier.

The doctor ought to first intimate concerning the incurability of harm to the srotas to the caretakers of the affected person after which provoke the remedy for a similar. Arrow or every other international physique ought to be first eliminated after which handled on the strains of treating a wound.

 Srotas Nirukti – definition

भवति चात्र
मूलात् खादन्तरं देहे प्रसृतं त्वभिवाहि यत् ॥
स्रोतस्तदिति विज्ञेयं सिराधमनिवर्जिम् ॥१३ ॥ 

Srotas is that –

–   which takes its origin from the vacant areas or hole organs

–   unfold all through the physique and

–   transports the supplies from one place to the opposite

Srotas are completely different from sira – veins and dhamanis – arteries.

इति श्रीसुश्रुतसंहितायांशारीरस्थानेधमनीव्याकरणशारीरं शारीरस्थाने नामनवमोऽध्यायः ॥९ ॥ 

Thus ends the Ninth chapter by title Dhamanī Vyākaraṇa – in Šarīrca sthāna as Suśruta Samhita.